Black Holes Essay -- essays research papers

Black Holes Black holes are objects so dense that not even light can escape their gravity, and since nothing can travel faster than light, nothing can escape from inside a black hole. Loosely speaking, a black hole is a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object to escape its gravitational pull. Since our best theory of gravity at the moment is Einstein's general theory of relativity, we have to delve into some results of this theory to understand black holes in detail, by thinking about gravity under fairly simple circumstances. Suppose that you are standing on the surface of a planet. You throw a rock straight up into the air. Assuming you don't throw it too hard, it will rise for a while, but eventually the acceleration due to the planet's gravity will make it start to fall down again. If you threw the rock hard enough, though, you could make it escape the planet's gravity entirely. It would keep on rising forever. The speed with which you need to throw the rock in order that it just barely escapes the planet's gravity is called the "escape velocity." As you would expect, the escape velocity depends on the mass of the planet: if the planet is extremely massive, then its gravity is very strong, and the escape velocity is high. A lighter planet would have a smaller escape velocity. The escape velocity also depends on how far you are from the planet's center: the closer you are, the higher the escape velocity . The Earth's escape velocity is 11.2 kilometers per second (about 25,000 M.P.H.), while th e Moon's is only 2.4 kilometers per second (about 5300 M.P.H.). We cannot see it, but radiation is emitted by any matter that gets swallowed by black hole in the form of X-rays. Matter usually orbits a black hole before being swallowed. The matter spins very fast and with other matter forms an accretion disk of rapidly spinning matter. This accretion disk heats up through friction to such high temperatures that it emits X-rays. And also there is some X-ray sources which have all the properties described above. Unfortunately it is impossible to distinguish between a black hole and a neutron star unless we can prove that the mass of the unseen component is too great for a neutron star. Strong evidence was found by Royal Greenwich Observatory astronomers that one of these sources called Cyg X-1 (whic... ...detect this radiation was Joseph Weber. He eventually came up with the first bar gravity-wave detector. This was a long aluminum cylinder, 2m by  ½m, that should be compressed with an incoming gravity wave. To detect this compression he wired piezoelectric crystals, which respond to pressure by generating an electric current, to the outside surface of the bar. Although it didn't work, other bar detectors were built that used a device called a stroboscopic sensor to filter out random vibrations. This was an ingenious device, but it too proved to be a non-contributor in the advancement of learning more of the galaxy. Just as X-ray astronomy went from simple detectors in the noses of rockets to full fledged X-ray telescopes housed in orbiting satellites, and radio astronomy went from crude dishes to continent spanning arrays, gravity wave detectors may show a completely new spectrum. And, just as X-rays brought a completely new universe into focus, one can hardly imagine what a gr avitational view of the universe will reveal. At the very least, we will have definitive proof or denial of black holes, but we may find that black holes are some of the more subtle features of the universe.

Court Observation

Observation of the Court Proceedings in Litigated Cases at District Court Report 20 Submitted to Pubanchal University Chakraworti HaBi College of Law For the Partial Fulfillment as Clinical Works Submitted by Sambal Chaulagain Role No:23 BALLB 1st years Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Objectives and Timeframe of Observation 3. Methods and Limitation 4. Observed Findings 1. Lodging the Case 2. Summoning the Respondents 3. Examination of Witness 4. Hearings 5. Role of lawyers 5. Finding and Recommendations . References and Annexes Observation of the Court Proceedings in Litigated Cases at †¦. Court 1. Introduction †¢ give brief introduction of the report itself (Start as This is a report of the court observation of †¦. court during †¦.. . The purpose of the observation was to gain practical knowledge of the performance of the justice agencies in course of litigation lodged within the given jurisdiction of the court†¦. ) †¢ present a summary of the rem aining chapters 2. Objectives and Timeframe of Observation The main objective of the observation was to gain fresh knowledge on the proceedings of the litigated cases in †¦. Court. More specifically, the observation intended to identify the barriers and lackings in the system that hinders or delays the justice process. †¢ The observation was done during†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (dates) 3. Methods and Limitation †¢ Mention how you observed, how you asked information with whom †¢ Mention what you did not look for in the course of observation 4. Observed Findings 1. Lodging the Case How the complaints or charge sheets are registered †¢ Who observes the document initially †¢ Who give order to register †¢ What is called the name of registry 2. Summoning the Respondents †¢ How the document is presented to the bench †¢ How the initial hearing takes place and how the respondents are summoned †¢ How the rejoinders are registered 3. Examination of Witne ss †¢ How the cases are presented to bench after receipt of rejoinder †¢ What are the basic examination of evidence (witness, documents) 4. Hearings How the hearing takes place awarding judgment †¢ How the lawyers argue and defend in this course †¢ What are the steps of that lawyers pleading is heard by the judge 5. Role of lawyers †¢ What are the role of lawyers you observed in whole cases (What a lawyer does during whole course, mention the major work of lawyers prior to court room proceeding and court room proceedings. 5. Findings and Recommendations †¢ Give a summary what you found in the process †¢ In your opinion were there any other ways to do the process better ? Suggest your idea to bring changes in law †¢ Suggest your idea bring changes in behavior of the officials 6. References and Annexes †¢ Prepare a list to whom you consulted during the observation †¢ Prepare a list to whom you talked and gathered information by intervi ew †¢ If you had consulted any other person beyond court officials and quoted any factual or opinioned information, make a list †¢ Put a checklist that you prepared for conducting observation process

The Seven Principle Sociological Perspectives - 1920 Words

This hand-out will be explaining the seven principle sociological perspectives. The seven principle sociological perspectives are Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism, Interactionism, Postmodernism, The New Right and Collectivism. Sociology is the understanding of different people, breaking down the word sociology; ‘soci’ means society and ‘ology’ means the science of. The main aim of sociology is to try to describe and explain human behaviour within society. Sociology studies subjects such as religion, crime, family, law, poverty, prejudice, race and gender. Sociology also studies different terms which include social structures, social diversity and socialisation. A social structure means the things that make up society in the UK, for example how we have a free education system whereas a lot of other countries don’t and how we have the NHS which is a free health care system. Social diversity means the differences between people within a society, for exam ple age, race and gender are all diverse factors of society as they are all differences, other differences include religion, languages and ethnicity. There are two types of socialisation, primary socialisation is learning the norms like manners and expected behaviour from family members and what they believe is a ‘norm’. This is why people exhibit certain behaviour, because it’s what they’re family believe and what they are brought up to be like, for example their view on racism could differ due to what their family think.Show MoreRelatedSoc 185 Final Exam Solutions Answers5269 Words   |  22 Pagesthe seven basic principles put forth in the American Sociological Association’s Code of Ethics. 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Wright Mills’ concept of sociological imagination is â€Å"stimulated by a willingness to view the social worlds from the perspective of others† (Eitzen, Zinn, SmithRead MoreSoc 185 Final Exam Answers2755 Words   |  12 Pagesthe seven basic principles put forth in the American Sociological Association’s Code of Ethics. Choose three of these principles, and anticipate how a researcher might encounter controversy by abiding by these principles (TCO 3, 8, 9) You have been asked by a committee of student success coaches to investigate why the rate at which freshman students post to their course threaded discussions is lower than the rate for other groups of students. Explain how the interactionist perspective wouldRead MoreThe Spiritual Aspect Of A Person Is Crucial Because It1098 Words   |  5 Pageswhich people make decisions that influence the environment they live in and society. 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