Description Of Jack Kerouac s The Road - 1412 Words

Description of Jack Kerouac Jean Louis Lebris de Kerouac was born on March 12, 1922 in Lowell, Massachusetts to immigrant French-Canadian parents Leo and Gabrielle Kerouac. Known to his family as â€Å"Ti Jean†, or Little Jack, he was the youngest of three children. Jack had an older sister, Caroline, and an older brother Gerard, who died of rheumatic fever when Jack was four years old. As an adult, Jack was part of what he called the Beat Generation, which referred to an underground revolution that was quietly happening outside of mainstream politics (Johnson, 2012). Famous for authoring the best-selling book On the Road, which was published in 1957, Jack based his writings on his personal experience of an alcohol and sex fuelled cross-country†¦show more content†¦Jack Kerouac routinely went on what he described as â€Å"binges† that lasted for multiple days (Brinkley, 2004). After a particular binge, occurring after a night of drinking beer, whiskey, and vermouth, he woke up badly beate n and was unable to remember what had happened (Johnson, 2012). According to his own explanation, Jack used alcohol to provide him with the excitement he needed to combat the boredom that he experienced (Johnson, 2012). The effect of Jack’s alcohol dependence directly resulted in his death, which occurred due to cirrhosis of the liver caused by alcoholism (Charters, 1973). Hypersexual behaviour is described as an intense sexual drive that leads to poorly controlled, excessive, and impulsive sexual activity despite negative consequences, such as the risk of emotional and physical harm (Kor, A., Fogel, Y., Reid, R. C., Potenza, M. N., 2013). Although the DSM-IV does not explicitly include criteria for hypersexual behaviour or sexual addiction, the diagnosis of a Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified can be used to account for patterns of hypersexual behaviour (Kor, A., Fogel, Y., Reid, R. C., Potenza, M. N., 2013). Jack’s first sexual experience involved a New York City prostitute, which formed the foundation for a lifetime of impulsiveShow MoreRelated Jack Kerouac’s The Dharma Bums Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesJack Kerouac’s The Dharma Bums Jack Kerouac’s The Dharma Bums does not fall too far from a basic description of his life. Kerouac spent the bulk of his writing career riding trains from city to city, meeting people and writing books and poetry. He was among the premier writers of the Beat Generation, a group of primarily urban poets and writers who put the basics of life and their spiritual nuances into poetry with a beat. The book, The Dharma Bums, is a window into the daily structure of theRead More Jack Kerouacs On the Road Essay3102 Words   |  13 PagesJack Kerouacs On the Road Works Cited Not Included   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack Kerouac is the first to explore the world of the wandering hoboes in his novel, On the Road. He created a world that shows the lives and motivations of this culture he himself named the Beats. Kerouac saw the beats as people who rebel against everything accepted to gain freedom and expression. Although he has been highly criticized for his lack of writing skills, he made a novel that is both realistic and enjoyable to read. He hasRead More Twain’s Huckleberry Finn and Kerouac’s On the Road – The River and the Road3035 Words   |  13 PagesTwain’s Huckleberry Finn and Kerouac’s On the Road – The River and the Road One element that separates a good novel from a great novel is its enduring effects on society. A great novel transcends time; it changes and mirrors the consciousness of a civilization. One such novel is Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. For the past one hundred and fifteen years, it has remained in print and has been one of the most widely studied texts in high schools and colleges. According to Lionel TrillingRead MoreJack Kerouac s On The Road1793 Words   |  8 PagesPublished in 1957, several years after it was written, Jack Kerouac’s On the Road is lauded as one of the most important literary works of the twentieth century. Praised for its role in the counterculture Beat movement that helped shape society today, the novel embraces previously taboo themes like sex, drugs, music, and dissatisfaction with the expectations of ordinary life in early ‘50’s America. According to legend, after years of real life experience of hitchhiking his way b ack and forth acrossRead MoreRomanticism and Modernism as Strange Bedfellows: A Fresh Look at Jack Kerouacs On the Road12240 Words   |  49 Pagesï » ¿ Romanticism and Modernism as Strange Bedfellows: A Fresh Look of Jack Kerouac’s On the Road Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very Heaven! O time In which the meagre, stale, forbidding ways Of custom, law and statute, took at once The attraction of a Country in Romance! The Prelude—William Wordsworth (Come in under the shadow of this rock), And I will show you something different from either Your shadow at morning striding behind you Or your shadow at eveningRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of On the Road and Crying of Lot 492247 Words   |  9 Pages In both Jack Kerouac’s, On the Road, and Thomas Pynchon’s Crying of Lot 49 the characters act in a deviant manner outside of social norms. This in turn leads to a deviant sub-cultural group which competes with the institutionalized authorities for power. Deviance in both novels is usually defined as a certain type of behaviour, such as an inebriated professor babbling on in a lecture hall filled with students or a group of teenagers frolicking naked in a city park on a hot and sunny afternoon.Read More On the Roads optimism Essay example2844 Words   |  12 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Jack Kerouac’s novel On the Road, the narrator, Sal Paradise offers up to us what seems to be a very optimistic view on life. He is forever singing the praises of how wonderful his adventures will be and his high expectations for the future. To Sal, the novel is defined by youthful exuberance and unabashed optimism for the new experiences that he sets out to find. A deeper l ook into the novel, as well as a look at some of the critics who have written on it, revealsRead More Art, Literature And Society From 1955-1970 Essay examples5829 Words   |  24 Pagesstagnation was to pack up and let life lead you down one winding road after another. There was a certain comfort in the unknown. Ambiguity turned survival into a triviality, while one could find the deepest meaning in chance and whimsy. When mere existence doesn’t seem to be guaranteed it’s the little moments of perfection that become one’s focus. No other Beat poet understood that concept as well as Jack Kerouac. quot;Jack Kerouac single handedly created the beat generation. Although Allen GinsbergRead MorePostmodernism in Literature5514 Words   |  23 Pagescontinued experimentations with chance and parody while celebrating the flow of the subconscious. Andre Breton, the founder of Surrealism, suggested that automatism and the description of dreams should play a greater role in the creation of literature. He used automatism to create his novel Nadja and used photographs to replace description as a parody of the overly-descriptive novelists he often criticized. Surrealist Rene Magrittes experiments with signification are used as examples by Jacques DerridaRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12166 Words   |  49 Pagesschool—1865—hints that she is probably over eighty at the time the story takes place, but she refuses to die or give up. Phoenixs ritual journey into town symbolizes the continual rising−up of the old woman, like the bird she is allied with. Her description given at the beginning of the story also seems to suggest fire a nd life: a golden color ran underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks were illumined by a yellow burning under the dark. Under the red rag her hair came down on her neck in the frailest

America´s Options with World War II - 1302 Words

Prior to America entering World War Two they were faced with multiple options to aid the struggling allies and the persecuted Jews. The most prominent option was the allotting of a higher immigration rate for the Jewish people fleeing Europe, another option they were presented with was a total boycott of Germany, the final option was an entrance into the war which after just exiting World War One the American People were rigidly opposed to war . These actions, especially the allotting of higher immigration would have provided enormous aid to the Jews fleeing from ever increasing forms of persecution. Even being provided with information of the Jewish persecution he American nation was divided as to what actions, if any, should take place. Groups such as the NAACP pushed strongly for the boycott of Germany where as the American Jewish Committee strongly advised against it; figureheads such as President Roosevelt were for war while men such as Charles Lindberg were against it. Given th is great division among the American people, a general lack or distrust of information, and embedded anti-Semitism in America, I find that the America had done all that it could to aid the persecuted Jewish population The first thing that must be discussed is the ever-worsening persecution of the Jews, even before 1935 tensions between Germany and the Jewish population were prevalent, harkening back to the Weimar Republic and the blame being placed on the Jewish population for the surrender ofShow MoreRelatedTruman s Choice Was A Good One989 Words   |  4 Pagessurrendered, thus ending World War II. Americans supported the action of Truman, that is until they saw the images of the destructive power of the bomb. The horrific images showing the victims of radiation and of burns that are caused by the force of the sun. As the Christian Century writes â€Å"What the use of poison gas did to the reputation of Germany in World war I, the use of the atomic bomb has done for the reputation of the United States in World War II.† The people of America began to question isRead MoreTruman and Atomic Bombs649 Words   |  3 PagesOPTION B You are a member of the editorial staff of the New York Times. You are to take a side and then write an editorial on Harry S Truman’s decision to order the dropping of the atom bomb. HARRY S TRUMAN amp; THE DECISION TO ORDER THE DROPPING OF THE ATOMIC BOMB Boom! Boom! Seventy thousands Japanese citizens were perished instantly after the first atomic bomb was dropped in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Japanese still refused to surrender to Allied forces. On August 9, 1945, with the droppingRead MoreDifficulties of Trumans Taking the Presidency from Roosevelt1626 Words   |  7 PagesAs Vice President, Harry S. Truman seldom saw President Roosevelt, therefore acquiring no updates on the progress of the atomic bomb or the developing predicament with Communist Russia. After Roosevelt’s unexpected death, these dilemmas as well as an array of wartime problems became Truman’s to resolve as the new president. When he came into office on April 2nd, 1945, World War II was nearing its end, leaving Europe in absolute chaos. Truman had to search for ways to aid the country in picking upRead MoreSpenser Larson. Katelyn Osterman. World History 20Th Century.1525 Words   |  7 PagesKatelyn Osterman World History 20th Century 12 May 2017 Compare/Contrast WWII Throughout the course of human history, a number of grave events have caused for enormous advancements in the way our world as a whole functions today. These events we can often recognize are the wars that have claimed millions of life. The war which has taught us the most is World War II with the many advancements and modern warfare still used today. Two of the most renowned leaders from this horrendous war were Winston ChurchillRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesunmatched in warfare, rapidly releasing nuclear energy by fission of atomic nuclei. Desperate times call for desperate measures, which is why America chose to unleash its most deadly weapon, the atomic bomb, on Japan. America, who had already fought in World War II for over four years, had no desire to perpetuate the war. When Japan refused to surrender, America was left with two alternatives: invade Japan, which would not only cost hundreds of billions of dollars, but wou ld also ensure the loss ofRead MoreThe Events Of World War II1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tenth’s triumphs in Italy were demonstrative of the value of specialized forces. Their success both was very influential in the events of World War II and in proving the value of specialized forces. Once the government saw how effective the focused training of this division was, they realized that a new era had begun. The Tenth Mountain Division started the period of special forces. The men in the division used their mountain climbing skills to formulate a brilliant plot to capture Riva RidgeRead MoreEssay Pearl Harbor1097 Words   |  5 PagesThis is a quote said to congress by the Commander- in- Chief Franklin Roosevelt. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor Roosevelt asked congress to declare war on Japan. Pearl Harbor was a surprise to the United States, a great plan to the Japanese Empire, and a gateway to World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor took a toll on countries all over the world. That day in 1941 has been and forever will be the most infamous act of the Japanese Empire. On December 7, 1941 the ultimate disaster in the historyRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Record On Foreign Policy1304 Words   |  6 Pageshow to deal with international issues gave the United States of America options on foreign policy, both then and now. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born to a rich and privileged family who was already a well politically connected family. The Kennedy’s fortune came from the stock market, entertainment, and other business ventures by Joseph â€Å"Joe† Kennedy who also served as ambassador to the United Kingdom during the start of World War II; Chairman of both the Security and Exchange Commission and theRead MoreHispanic Immigration And The United States850 Words   |  4 Pagespeople of Mexican-American heritage were living in the United States, but by the Great Depression stricter immigration rules were enacted which forced about 350,000-500,000 Mexican immigrants to return to Mexico. When the U.S. became involved with World War II, it n eeded to fulfill the demand in shortage of labor, thus enacting several guest worker programs (i.e. Bracero Program) that invited Mexican citizens to enter the U.S., thus increasing the number of Mexicans to 1.6 million in 1940, to 2.5 millionRead MoreU.s. Relations And End The Cold War1039 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Obama s efforts to normalize U.S.-Cuba relations and end the Cold War in our hemisphere have captured scores of headlines worldwide--and for good reason. It was an ineffective policy that was even losing power as a partisan tactic. But the success in Cuba begs the question of why the U.S. government still refuses to end World War II on the island of Guam, a U.S. territory for over a century. The little known story of Guam s experience before and after World War II illuminates what is

Constitution Dbq Free Essays

A few hundred years ago, a large group of men gathered in one big room to establish a Constitution that would lay down the basic set up of the United States of America. This new constitution covered everything from government to the rights of all the citizens of America. Thomas Jefferson, who was not part of the creation of the Constitution, said that all the good that is in the new Constitution was accomplished by amending the Articles of Confederation. We will write a custom essay sample on Constitution Dbq or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shortly after the Articles of Confederation was created, the creators of the document realized that the newly found country was running as smoothly as planned. The Articles did not cover everything necessary to ensure a well balanced country. With thirteen states independent, rebellion started to break out. So when they got together to write the Constitution, they had to look at the faults in the Articles and determine what needed to change. Whether it was giving Congress more power, establishing a military, or having the states only hold enough power to deal with local matter, if this country wanted to prosper, the Articles of Confederation had to be amended. The writers of the Constitution didn’t want too much power to go to a single group in the government, so they set up a three branch system to ensure that not one branch had to much power. After the Articles were written, states were using their power to try to gain more and the balance was broken, so by amending the Articles, the balance could be restored. The first branch was the Legislative branch, which was made of of the Congress. The problem was that congress had been set up with proportional representation and the smaller states weren’t happy about that. So it was decided that Congress be split into two branches, House of Representatives (which was based on proportion) and the Senate (which every state had representatives in) and this satisfied all the states, big and small. The reason that all these compromises had to be made was because the Articles did not give everyone equal share so the states were not happy and therefore they rebelled. With the Constitution being written to help every state equally, a well balanced government was put into play. The second branch of the government that they set up was the Executive ranch, which was made up of the newly founded President and Vice President. This was different from the Articles because originally there was no figurehead in government, but the Constitution out in play the role of a man who would control one branch of the government and balance out the shaky governmental issues. The role of the President is to veto laws made by the legislative branch of the government, he appoints o ther positions in the government and also deals with foreign treaties. This was an amendment to the Articles that would not strike rebellion or unsettle the states. The final branch of government that was set up by the constitution was the Judicial branch. This was the branch that interprets the law upon those in the country who break them. It was a court system set up by smaller courts that dealt with minor or local crimes and then the supreme court that dealt with crimes to the government, or serious affairs. The reason that this was a good thing to change from the Articles, was now that there are laws set, there is also a system in which to punish those who feel the need to break them. With this three branch system, the government would be very strong, and would not anger the United States. The writers of the Constitution knew that, like the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution would not be a perfect document and that problem with the way it is set up might appear in the future so they wrote it very loosely. The Constitution was set up so that amendments could be made, the same way they were made to the Articles. If something in the constitution needed to be amended, the Legislative branch would create the amendment, then if the Executive branch didn’t agree, they would veto it. If all went well then the amendment would be made and the Judicial branch would interpret the amendment to the country. The Constitution was well thought out when being written. The last thing that was added to the constitution was the Bill of Rights, which ten of the most important rights given to Americans. Whether it was the freedoms of speech, press, or religion, the writers of the Constitution wanted all men to have their rights to living in freedom. Giving set rights of Americans was never established in the original Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were created very loosely and with many flaws. It was not well thought out and had many issues that would bring the citizens of America to unrest. When writing the Constitution, the writers had to look back on the Articles of Confederation and review the problems in the construction of the document, and assessed the issues in it. The Constitution was such a success because it amended the unsuccessful Articles of Confederation. How to cite Constitution Dbq, Papers

A Comparison Of Biographic Features In The Sun Also Rises And The Great Gatsby Essay Example For Students

A Comparison Of Biographic Features In The Sun Also Rises And The Great Gatsby Essay The writers F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway included biographical information in their novels The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises that illuminated the meaning of the work. Although The Sun Also Rises is more closely related to actual events in Hemingways life than The Great Gatsby was to events in Fitzgeralds life, they both take the same approach. They both make use of non-judgemental narrators to comment on the lost generation. This narrator allows Fitzgerlald and Hemingway to write about their own society. Fitzgerlald comments on the jaded old-wealth society of the Eastern United States and the corruption of the American Dream. Hemingway comments on the effects of World War I on the lost generation and the hope for the future in the next generation. By adding biographical features into their novels both Fitzgerald and Hemingway are able to give their novels that extra depth because the plot of the novels are more realistic and accurately reflect the society of the times. The story in Fitzgeralds book contains basic ideas from his life, not nessesarily actual events. Several characters have biographical characterization and the novel reflects his own experiences. Hemingways novel, however, is almost entirely based on actual events that happened to Hemingway and a group of his friends. This enhances the realism of The Sun Also Rises. Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby In his novel, The Great Gatsby Francis Scott Fitzgerald includes many autobiographical features to enhance and illuminate the themes of the work. Certain main characters like Daisy Buchannon, Jay Gatsby, and the narrator Nick Carraway are representations of actual people from Fitzgeralds life. Fitzgerald makes use of a non-judgemental narrator to simply give the details and leave the anylasis to the reader. However, based on the details, the narrators conclusions are relatively evident. In this novel, Fitzgerald is able to write about his experiences from a different perspective and include his self in both the characters of Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway. As in many of Fitzgeralds works, he writes about a golden girl1, the desire of every man that he couldnt have. In the case of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald creates the character of Daisy to fit this discription. In actuality the motivation for Fitzgeralds writing about the golden girl came from real events. Ginevra King was the love of young life.2 In Ginevras eyes, however, Fitzgerald was simply one of the many men in her young life and when it came time she dropped him.3Most importantly, however, his rejection by Ginevra motivated much of his fiction.4 In The Great Gatsby, Daisy is shown by the end to be a very careless and confused who smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness and let other people clean up the mess they had made. This statement from the novel relates to Fitzgeralds own fealings for Ginevra who used him, then dropped him when it came time leaving Francis devastated.6 This rejection shaped Fitzgeralds view of  women in general and thus affected his characterization of women. The romance between Fitzgerald and Ginevra King is also given meaning in The Great Gatsby as Ginevra King and Fitzgerald himself came from different social worlds just as Daisy and young poor Gatsby did. In both situations, the woman came from the aristocratic old money rich and the guys were respectivly poor in comparison. Fitzgerald, later in life, was from the middle class and in this way can be compared to the narrator, Nick Carraway. His social situation was the same and this perspective of the relationships between the rich and poor allowed Fitzgerald to write of his own experiences with Ginevra King. As Fitzgerald himself puts it, The whole idea of Gatsby is the unfairness of a poor young man not being able to marry a girl with money.1 An independent percpective of the relationship from the middle class allows Fitzgerald to accomplish this. Nick Carraway is the voice of Fitzgeralds rational self.2 In expressions in the novel, Fitzgerald gives light to his rational self. Thats my Middle West not the wheat or the prairies or the lost Swede towns, but the thrilling returning trains of my youth, and the street lamps and sleigh bells in the frosty dark and shadows of holly wreaths thrown by lighted windows on the snow. I am part of that, a little solemn with the feel of those long winters . . . I see now that this has been a story of the West, after all Tom and Gatsby, Daisy and Jordan and I, were all Westerners, and perhaps we possessed some deficiency in common which made us subtly unadaptable to Eastern life.3 Fitzgerald himself took trains back to the Mid-West at christmas time to celebrate and party.4 In this passage Fitzgerald also tells the truth about his views of Eastern rich society, where he didnt fit in. Everyday Use Walker EssayAnother scene in The Sun Also Rises is the scene at the Hotel Montoya run by a Mr. Juanito Montoya. His hotel is where the bull-fighters stay and Montoya is describes as an aficianado with photographs all over his room: The photographs of bull-fighters Montoya had really believed in were framed. Photographs of bull-fighters who had been without aficion Montoya kept in a drawer of his desk One day Montoya took them all out and dropped them in the waste-basket.1 This shows how Juanito Montoya was an aficianado who believed in the real old-style bullfighters. During Hemingways third trip to Pamplona his company would stay at Juanito Quinatas Hotel Quinatana. Juanito was a veteran aficionado and matadors often stayed there.2 The similarities in name are unmistakable and the character in the novel is a veteran aficianado as well. Pedro Romero was developed as one of the main characters in The Sun Also Rises. Interestingly, Pedro was named after the famous eighteenth-century matador Pedro Romero.3 The Pedro from the novel fights in the old manner just as the real Pedro Romero would. His character however, was not based on the real Pedro, but instead a nineteen-year-old matador named Cayetano Ordonez, described as being slim and straight as an arrow.4 More importantly Ordonez, like both the Pedro from the novel and the real Pedro Romero, fought in the old manner and on several bulls he killed recibiendo and was hailed as the Messiah who had come to save bullfighting.5 Pedro Romero was an important symbol of hope in the novel. Ordonez, thinly disquized as Pedro Romero, was beginning to dominate the book6 Another important character in the book, Brett, was based on a real life participant in Hemingways Pamplona, Duff Twysden. Brett and Robert Cohn go on a trip together where they romanced together unknown to anyone else. Similarly, Harold Loeb Robert Cohn told Ernest that he wanted to relax by the sea at St. Jean-de-Luz before joining the others at Burgette. What he did not reveal was that he had persuaded  Duff Twysden to spend a week with him in consummation of their romance.1 He didnt tell Ernest because he was afraid that Ernest might be jealous of learning that Harold had spent a week with Duff. Brett is similar physically to Duff as well. Like Brett, she wore a mans felt hat.2 The scene where Brett recieved the bulls ear from Pedro actually happened, just not to her parallel Duff Twysden. Ordonez gave the ear to Hemingways wife Hadley. She wraped it up in a handkerchief of Don Stewarts, and stored it in a bureau drawer at the pension. As it gradually ripened in the heat of July, Ernest argued that she must either throw it away or cut it up to send in letters to her friends in St. Louis.3 This same event happens in the novel to Brett, who is picked from the crowd by Pedro and presented with the ear as a prize. Similarly as his counterpart Robert Cohn in the novel, Harold Loeb was treated as an outcast due to his relationship with Duff and his constant following her around. In the novel, Mike constantly brandishes Robert with remarks about how he is not wanted and how can he not see that. In Hemingways actual trip, Harold Loeb and Duff slipped away for a drink in one of the small cafes and ended up in a Spanish clubroom where she refused to leave and Harold was forced to leave alone. The next day over the brandy that night, Guthrie suddenly told Harold to get out: he was not wanted.4 Ernest also exploded on him, You lousy bastard, running to a woman. Even while in Spain, Ernest Hemingway began writing The Sun Also Rises, at that time entitled, Fiesta.5 Originally the story was started in Pamplona at the Hotel Montoya, where the characters Jake Barnes and Bill meet Pedro Romero. Later, Hemingway changed the introduction to a start with Paris to provide biographical backgrounds for Brett Ashley, Mike Campbell, and Robert Cohn.1 There is no mistaking that the novel was based on Ernests third trip to Pamplona with a company of his friends and his wife. Conclusion By providing biographical information in their novels The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises, both F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway are able to enhance the meaning of their work and provide extra credibility and realism into their plot. Fitzzgerald takes a rejection from his life and uses that idea to expand off from to write a social commentary on the corruption of the American Dream by the old-rich of the Eastern United States. Hemingway takes actual events from his life and used that as a basis for the plot of his novel. This enhanced the theme by describing the effect of World War I on Hemingways generation.

Edith Wharton A Brief Personal History And Overview Of Literary Achie

Edith Wharton: A brief personal history and overview of literary achievements The cultural advancement of the 1920's has many important literary figures associated with it. Names such as T.S. Elliot, Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald are some of the better-known names. Edith Wharton is one of the less known of the period, but is still a formidable writer. This paper will explore Ms. Wharton's life and history and give a brief background surrounding some of her more popular novels. Ms. Wharton was born Edith Newbold Jones on January 24, 1862, in her parents' mansion and West Twenty-Third Street in New York City. Her mother, Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander, connected with wealthy Dutch landowners and merchants of the early nineteenth century, was the granddaughter of an outstanding American Revolutionary War patriot, General Ebenezer Stevens. After the war, General Stevens became a very successful East-India merchant. Edith Wharton's father, a man of considerable, private, inherited wealth, did not follow a career in business. Rather, he lived a life of leisure, punctuated by his hobbies of sea fishing, boat racing, and wildfowl shooting (activities typical of wealthy men of the day). During her first few years, Edith Wharton's family alternated between New York City in the winter and Newport, Rhode Island, in the summer. At the time, Newport was a very fashionable place where New York City families of wealth might enjoy ocean breezes and participate in a ro! und of tea and inner parties, the leaving of calling cards, and constant preparations for entertaining or being entertained. When she was four years old, her parents took her on a tour of Europe, concentrating on Italy and France. She became as familiar with Rome and Paris as most children are with their hometowns. It was here that the small, red-headed child played her favorite game. Not yet able to read, she carried around with her a large volume of Washington Irving's stories of old Spain, The Alhambra. Holding the Book carefully, often upside down, she proceeded to turn the pages and to read aloud "make up" stories as she went along. Whereas most children of her age would be told the familiar old folk and fairy tales of Anderson, Perrault, and the Brothers Grimm, she listened with great delight to tales of the "domestic dramas" of the great Greek and Roman gods of mythology. The young child rapidly learned to read, speak, and write German, French, and Italian, as a result of the efforts of governess and the extended family tours of France and Italy. Returning to America after an absence of sex years in picturesque Europe, the ten-year-old Edith viewed New York City with mixed feelings. She missed the glamour of Europe; she was distressed with the busy commercial air of much of her home city; she was delighted to join her relatives and friends on a rambling family estate at Newport. Here she continued her study of modern languages and proper manners. However, she had to return to her father's in New York, where she spent her time perusing his library and immersing herself in the likes of Roman Plutarch and the English Macaulay, the English Pepys and Evelyn and the French Madame de Sevigne; the poets, Milton, Burns and Byron, as well as Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, and Elizabeth Barrat Browning. With these writers as her models and inspiration, young Edith Wharton began to cover huge sheets of wrapping paper with her own prose and verse. Edith's family and the families of most of her friends were not "in business": they lived on their incomes and investments, living leisurely lives of dining out or dinner going with much emphasis on good cooking, and sparkling conversation. Once in a while, they attended the theatre; the opera, seldom. When she was seventeen, Edith's parents decided the time had arrived for her "coming out." The series of social activities that indicated to the world that she was adult enough to be invited to social entertainment without her parents as chaperones. Soon, she joined her father and mother to another trip to Europe - this time for her father's health. He died in France, when Edith was nineteen years old, and the grief-stricken mother and daughter returned to New York City.

Modern Trade Essays

Modern Trade Essays Modern Trade Essay Modern Trade Essay Analysis optimization of sales and distribution network, Brand promotion and Merchandising By Sai Krishna M PGDM-IB Roll No. 23 Under the guidance of Mr. Y V Vijay Kumar Area Sales Manager FieldFresh Foods Pvt. Ltd. Bengaluru Prof. Ramki Faculty KJ Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research, Mumbai 1 K J Somaiya Institute of Management Studies Research Certificate from Summer Project GuidesWe approve this Summer Project Report titled Analysis optimization of sales and distribution network, Brand promotion and Merchandising as a certified study in management carried out and presented in a manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite for the award of Post Graduate Program in International Business for which it has been submitted. It is understood that by this approval we do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein but approve the Summer Project Report only for the purpose it is submitted.Summer Project Report Examination Committee for evaluation of Summer Project Report Name Signature 1. Faculty Examiner 2. PG Summer Project Co-coordinator 2 Acknowledgement On this opportunity I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my college, K. J Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research, Mumbai and to Field Fresh Foods Pvt. Ltd. , for offering me a unique platform to earn exposure and garner knowledge in the field of sales and distribution of premium FMCG products.This project was a great learning experience and provided me an up close insight of how the sales distribution, merchandizing and promotional activities are carried out. I am especially thankful to my guide Mr. Vijay Kumar for the kind support and guidance that he extended to me throughout the project. I also want to convey my sincere thanks to my college faculty Prof Ramki, SIMSR who has been guiding me throughout the project. He was there to help me out at all possible situations. Last but not the least I would like to express my profound gratitude and thanks to each and every employee of Field Fresh Foods Pvt.Ltd. who knowingly or unknowingly have contributed in their own ways to the successful completion of this project. Sai Krishna M PGDM(IB)-023 SIMSR, Mumbai 3 ABSTRACT The project was aimed at understanding and then analyzing the sales and distribution channel of Field Fresh Foods and the methods in which the company is currently carrying out promotional activities for their Del Monte range of products. Del Monte, an international conglomerate in food industry has recently entered the Indian market. While the market potential is huge, the competition is also fierce.Typical of the FMCG market almost all the major FMCG players wage a price war. Del Monte products are positioned as premium products. To reach the target segment and convince them of assured high quality which is the Del Monte promise is a challenging job. The sales and distribution network is the backbone of any FMCG company. In my project, I started off with the feasibility study of usage of perforated sheets as a promotional material in private vehicles. Following which I studied the sales and distribution model of Del Monte products in Bangalore city focusing on Modern Trade outlets which included stand alone super market utlets. I gave the feedback about how the present Distribution model is working and also gave suggestions for optimization of sales and distribution network. The issues with retailers and distributors regarding the products were reported to company. I was also looking after point-of-sale promotions of Del Monte products at the supermarkets that I was allotted. 4 Contents Acknowledgement Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction Topic Objectives of Study Research Methodology . 6 6 .. 7 . 3 . 4 Conclusion Chapter 2 About the Company and Industry . 7 About the FMCG Market in India 8 About the Company . About the products . . . 14 19 Chapter 3 -Theoretical Framework Milk Run Model Methods of Distribution . .. 22 . 23 Chapter 4- The Project Feasibility Study Sales and distribution Modern Trade General Trade General Issues with Product/Packaging and Other Issues Recommendations Visibility contract Brand promotion . . . 25 . 26 27 .. 30 . 32 . 33 35 35 36 Chapter 5 Summary 5 TopicThe objective of my project was aimed at understanding the sales and distribution channel of Field Fresh Foods and how the company is carrying out promotional activities for Del Monte range of products the city of Bangalore. Del Monte is a recent player in the processed foods industry in India. While the market potential is huge, the competition is also fierce. Thje competition stems from the fierce price war amongst the players. Del Monte products are of premium category with emphasis on quality. To reach the target segment and convince them of assured high quality is a challenge the company has embarked upon.The sales and distribution network is the backbone of any FMCG company. In this project, I have studied the sales and distribution model of Del Monte products in Bangalore city. After the analysis of the distribution channel, I was asked to give feedback on how the present Distribution model is working and also provide suggestions for optimization of sales and distribution network. The issues with retailers and distributors regarding the products were reported to company. We also did market research for one of the promotional material, perforated sheet. We found out the reasons why it was not successful in Bangalore.While we promoted Del Monte products at all possible outlets, from small bakeries to big hypermarkets, my area of focus was on standalone Family malls which come under the purview of Modern Trade. Objectives of Study y y y y Understanding the sales and distribution network of Del Monte Give suggestions for optimization of sales and distribution network Carrying out promotional activities Merchandizing 6 Research Methodology: Primary research: All the data pertaining to the sales and distribution channels were collected as a part of daily field vi sits which were extensive and laborious.My daily field visits included visiting the distributor s office and accompany the distributor s salesman in studying the market. Secondary research: Other data about the company like Sales figures, Advertisements and such have been collected through internet. Also the facts and figures about the FMCG Company have been collected through secondary research. Conclusion In my project, I was entrusted to study the sales and distribution channels of Del Monte products in Bangalore city especially focusing on the Modern Trade channel.I gave the company feedback on how the present Distribution model is working and also gave suggestions for optimization of sales and distribution network. The issues with retailers and distributors regarding the products were reported to company. We also did market research for one of the promotional material, perforated sheet. We found out the reasons why it was not successful in Bangalore. Having learnt of the good re sponse from the retailers whose customers praised the high quality of the products and it s good taste, company is expecting to capture a huge market share.Presently the chunk of company s profit is coming from Modern trade divisions which include big departmental stores and stand alone supermarkets. However the company is also banking upon the general trade channels to provide for a substantial share in the overall sales pie. 7 About the FMCG Market in India The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy and creates employment for three million people in downstream activities. Within the FMCG sector, the Indian food processing industry represented 6. 3per cent of GDP and accounted for 13 percent of the countrys exports in 2003-04.A distinct feature of the FMCG industry is the presence of most global players through their subsidiaries (HUL, PG, Nestle), which ensures new product launches in the Indian market from the parents portfolio. Demand for FMCG products is set to boom by almost 60 percent by 2007 and more than 100 per cent by 2015. This will be driven by the rise in share of middle class from 67 per cent in2003 to 88 per cent in 2015. The key characteristics features are a strong MNC presence, a well-established distribution network, intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments and low operational cost.Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labor costs and presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage. The FMCG market is set to treble from $11. 6billion in 2003 to $33. 4 billion in 2015. Penetration level as well as per capita consumption in most product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, hair wash, etc. in India is low indicating the untapped market potential. Burgeoning Indian population, particularly the middle class and the rural segments, presents an opportunity to makers of branded products to convert consumers to branded products.Growth is also likely to come fro m consumer upgrading in the matured product categories. With 200 million people expected to shift to processed and packaged food by 2010, India needs around $28 billion of investment in the food-processing industry. 8 Government Policy The Government has enacted policies aimed at attaining international competitiveness through lifting of the quantitative restrictions, reduced excise duties, automatic foreign investment and food laws resulting in an environment that fosters growth.Completely export oriented units can be set up by government approval and use of foreign brand names is now freely permitted. Automatic investment approval (including foreign technology agreements within specified norms), up to100 per cent foreign equity or 100 per cent for NRI and Overseas Corporate Bodies(OCBs) investment, is allowed for most of the food processing sector except malted food, alcoholic beverages and those reserved for small scale industries (SSI). 24per cent foreign equity is permitted in the small-scale sector.Temporary approvals for imports for test marketing can also be obtained from the Director General of Foreign Trade. The evolution of a more liberal FDI policy environment in India is clearly supported by the successful operation of some of the global majors like PepsiCo in India. The Indian government has abolished licensing for almost all food and agro-processing industries except for some items like alcohol, cane sugar, hydrogenated animal fats and oils etc. , and items reserved for the exclusive manufacture in the SSI sector.Quantitative restrictions were removed in2001 and Union Budget 2004-05 further identified 85 items that would be taken out of the reserved list. This has resulted in a boom in the FMCG market through market expansion and greater product opportunities. 9 Central and State Initiatives Various states governments like Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Jammu Kashmir have encouraged companies to set up manufacturing facilities in their regio ns through a package of fiscal incentives.Jammu and Kashmir offers incentives such as allotment of land at concessional rates, 100 per cent subsidy on project reports and 30 per cent capital investment subsidy on fixed capital investment upto $63,000. The Himachal Pradesh government offers sales tax and power concessions, capital subsidies and other incentives for setting up a plant in its tax free zones. Trends The boom in various consumer categories, further, indicates a latent demand for various product segments. For example, the upper end of very rich and a part of the consuming class indicate small but rapidly growing segment for branded products.The middle segment, on the other hand, indicates a large market for the mass end products. The BRICs report indicates that India s per capita disposable income, currently at $556 per annum, will rise to $1150 by 2015 another FMCG demand driver. The spurting the industrial and services sector growth is also likely to boost the urban con sumption demand. An estimated double-digit growth over the next few years shows that the good times are likely to continue. 10 Growth Prospects With the presence of 12. 2% of the world population in the illages of India, the Indian rural FMCG market is something no one can overlook. Increased focus on farm sector will boost rural incomes, hence providing better growth prospects to the FMCG companies. Better infrastructure facilities will improve their supply chain. FMCG sector is also likely to benefit from growing demand in the market. Because of the low per capita consumption for almost all the products in the country, FMCG companies have immense possibilities for growth. If the companies are able to change the mindset of the consumers, i. . if they are able to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products, they would be able to generate higher growth in the near future. It is expected that the rural income will rise in 2007, boosting purchasing power in the countryside. However, the demand in urban areas would be the key growth driver over the long term. The increase in the urban population, along with increase in income levels and the availability of new categories, would help the urban areas maintain their position in terms of consumption.At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption. However, rural India accounts for more than 40% consumption in major FMCG categories such as personal care, fabric care, and hot beverages. In urban areas, home and personal care category, including skin care, household care and feminine hygiene, will keep growing at relatively attractive rates. Within the foods segment, it is estimated that processed foods, bakery, and dairy are long-term growth categories in both rural and urban areas. 11 Industry Analysis A.Key Success Factors: a) Distribution-related KSFs: y y y y A strong network of distributors Efficient and responsive supply chain Ability to secure favourable display spa ce on retailer shelves Robust relationship with retailers b) Marketing-related KSFs: y y y y y Strong brand recall Motivated Sales team well equipped with the product knowledge Point of Sale advertising Special offers and bulk buy deals for retailers Attractive product packaging c) Other types of KSFs: y y High product quality standards Product innovation capabilities with respect to new product launch and time to market 2 d) Industry s Dominant Features: y y Industry growth rate: The industry is growing at the CAGR of 9%. Number of rivals: In certain product categories, such as, ketchup and sauces, the industry is dominated by a few large companies but overall it is fragmented into many small and regional companies. y Number of buyers: Market demand is fragmented among several buyers across the country and hence buyers do not enjoy much of bargaining power y Degree of product differentiation: Product of other companies is less differentiated leading to heightened price competition. Product Innovation: Development of new and differentiated products is important B. Industry Driving Forces: y y Booming modern retail Increasing globalisation of industry leading to several foreign companies foraying into India y Changes in consumer behaviour marked by increased health consciousness and adoption of urban and outgoing lifestyle y Burgeoning middle class with increased purchasing power 13 About the Company FieldFresh Foods Pvt Ltd. : An Indian business giant and a Philippine conglomerate have come together to create FieldFresh Foods Pvt.Ltd. FieldFresh Foods Pvt. Ltd. , is a venture between Bharti Enterprises and Del Monte Pacific Limited, to offer fresh and processed fruits and vegetables in the domestic as well as international markets, including Europe and the Middle East. Brand Del Monte has 118 years of rich international heritage during which it has been synonymous with quality and taste. The brand originated in the US and is now available all across the globe. The Del Monte range of branded processed food products ncludes Fruit drinks, Ketchup Sauces, Packaged Fruits and the Italian Range consisting of Pasta, Olive Oil and Olives/Jalapenos and a Culinary range which is aimed at HORECA, Foodservices and QSR industries. Del Monte was brought to India in 2007 by a joint venture between Bharti Enterprises and Del Monte Pacific Ltd. The JV is called FieldFresh Foods Pvt Ltd. Bharti Enterprises is one of Indias leading business groups with interests in telecom, agri business, financial services, retail and manufacturing.Del Monte Pacific Ltd, headquartered in Manila, Philippines, is engaged in the production, marketing, and distribution of Del Monte products in the select Asian markets. Del Monte Pacific also holds exclusive rights to produce and distribute food and beverage products in the Indian subcontinent. 14 The company will produce, market and distribute farm fresh products that address the needs of today s consumer. With a range of de licious and superior tasting products, FieldFresh Foods Pvt. Ltd. , looks forward to becoming one of the most trusted providers of premium quality fresh farm products, processed foods and beverages.With the synergy between Bharti s dynamism and Del Monte s heritage of over 100 years, the company aims at becoming a leading player in the foods beverages segment in India. FieldFresh Foods Pvt Ltd besides offering Del Monte range of Food Beverage products, also sources and markets fresh produce for domestic as well as export markets. The companys vision is to be the most trusted and innovative provider of branded fresh fruits, vegetables and processed food products in India. Bharti Enterprises:India s leading business group, Bharti Enterprises has interests in telecom, agri-business, insurance retail. With over 100 million customers, Bharti s flagship unit, Airtel Ltd. , is the country s leading private sector provider of telecommunication services. 15 Del Monte Pacific Limited: Base d in Philippines, the company is engaged in the production, marketing, and distribution of premium branded processed foods and beverages. Del Monte Pacific also holds exclusive rights to produce and distribute food and beverage products in the Indian subcontinent. Quality Excellence at FieldFreshFieldFresh ensures best-in-class facilities, business practices and quality standards through technological innovations, international quality management systems and food safety initiatives. Our Quality Management System (QMS) operates on: Right First Time Zero Tolerance These are achieved through critical interventions in processes wherever applicable, so that only top-class quality products reach the end consumers. To pave the way in farming practices, the company has complied with Global GAP guidelines not only in company managed farms but across all partner farms.The growing partners are spread across the following states: Punjab Baby Corn, French Peas Maharashtra Sweet Corn Baby Corn Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh Mangoes 16 The state-of-the-art laboratory facilitates physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of the raw materials and packaging materials through the entire manufacturing cycle. Continuous focus on packaging development and innovative solutions has enabled FieldFresh to meet the superior packaging requirement of customers. At FieldFresh, food safety and consumer health is the top most priority.This is clearly reflected in the manufacturing facility and packhouse being certified under: Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS) (ISO:22000:2005) BRC British Retail Consortium Environment Health Safety (EHS) is an integral part of FieldFresh business practices. Focus on EHS is driven through: Process Mapping Regulatory and Food Safety Audits Reviews of Certifications The Technical team is also focused on critical processes and development for new initiatives on new products. Certifications The Good Agricultural Practices and QMS have enabled us to achie ve highest levels of standards and certifications.Exports FieldFresh Foods has focused on building a robust Fresh Exports business model in vegetablesprimarily Baby Corn and Sweet Corn. Some of the other greens exported are French Beans and Green Chillies. All farms, where both Baby Corn Sweet Corn is grown are Global GAP certified farms. 17 Agri Centre Of Excellence (ACE) FieldFreshAgri Centre OF Excellence (ACE) at Ladhowal, Ludhiana, Punjab was inaugurated by Dr. Manmohan Singh, Honourable Prime Minister of India on 27th September, 2006. ACE comprises of 300 acres of farming, developed for open and protected cultivation.The activities that have gone into making ACE a centre of excellence are: Partner Farming Farmer Training Open Cultivation Crop Development 132 acres of Micro Irrigation 42 acres of Spanish designed protected cultivation Bell Peppers and Cherry Tomatoes grown in Glass Houses Chilly Nursery in Green Houses Cauliflowers in Net Houses 24 x 7 technical support to the partner farmers A state-of-the-art processing facility and pack-house has been set up with vegetable processing capacity of over 250 tons and a cold-storage capacity of 500 metric tons built over 7500 sq. metres.The facility takes pride in the following certifications: GLOBALGAP Certified Operations ISO 22000 Certified Packhouse BRC (British Retail Consortium) Certification for the Packhouse 18 About the Products The Del Monte product range includes: y Fruit drinks: Pineapple fruit drink with pulp, Pineapple Orange fruit drink, and Four seasons fruit drink (Pineapple, Mango, Orange and Guava), Green Apple and Orange y Packaged fruits: Pineapple Slices, Pineapple Tidbits, Prunes, Mango Pulp(Sweetened), Fiesta Fruit Cocktail and Peach Halves 19 y Corn: Regular and Sweet Corn yKetchup Sauces: Tomato Ketchup, Zingo Twango Sauces 20 y Italian Range: Range of dry Pasta, table Olives and Olive Oil 21 Theoretical Framework Milk Run Model Del Monte Distributors use Milk Run model for the distribution of their products. A milk run is typically a route in which a delivery van either delivers product from a single to multiple retailers or goes from multiple suppliers to a single retailer. In other words, a supplier delivers directly to multiple retail stores on a truck or a truck picks up deliveries for many suppliers of the same retail store.The diagram below shows how a milk runs model of single supplier and many retailers work. The company has divided their distribution channel into two parts General trade and modern trade. General trade consist of bakeries, small kirana stores, retail stores and medium size deartmental stores. It is a huge business and the fact that the mass of India still purchases their grocery items from local kirana stores. It becomes very important for the company to have a robust sales and distribution network in genearl trade. Whole of the city is divided into areas depending on the geographical location of dealers.The dealer has the respons ibility of catering to demand whole area surrounding it. Their were 7 dealers and each dealer had 700 outlets in his area. Modern trade constitutes stand alone supermarkets, Hypermarkets and supermarkets which are a part of retail chain spread across the country. There are three distributors for modern trade. Milk run is helpful since in our case very frequent and small deliveries are 22 needed on a regular basis and either a set of suppliers or a set of retailers is in geographic proximity. The dealer has around 700 outlets in his area and the delivery is divided on the basis of routes.Since all the stores are in geographical proximity and the deliveries are small this model is very successful. Some of the salient features of Milk runs model are ? Milk runs help to reduce the transportation costs by consolidating shipments to multiple stores on a single truck. ? Milk runs allow deliveries to multiple stores to be consolidated on a single truck, resulting in a better utilization of the truck and somewhat lower costs. ? The use of milk run is helpful if very frequent, small deliveries are needed on a regular basis and either a set of suppliers or a set of retailers is in geographic proximity. Helps to reduce the amount of inventory to be kept as a safety stock in the warehouses. High degree of coordination and synchronization required among the members of supply chain Methods of Distribution Method 1 Ready stock unit: In ready stock unit, the company appointed salesman, 1 driver and a helper from dealer go in a delivery van. They go to each store and according to the order that retailer places, it is immediately delivered. Delivery vans usually contain all the products in substantial quantity but if it is not avalaible at that moment the order is noted and delivered later.A receipt is made for the same and whole of the order is given on credit. Sometimes only driver and sales guy are there depending upon the distributor. Method 2 In the second method the salesm an appointed from Del Monte takes order from stores which he visits on his motorcyle. He covers all the stores on a prticular route in a day. He gives the order list to dealer at the end of the day. The order list consists of products to be delivered, quantity and address of retailer. The next day the delivery van goes on the same the route and delivers the at the given address.The sales man on the other hand is on another route for the next day and this cycle continues. 23 The Project Feasibility of perforated sheet promotional material in Bangalore Background:The Company Del Monte had launched perforated sheet with Del Monte brand printed on it as a promotional material which was a great success in Delhi. These perforated sheets basically acts like sun shield and to be put in the car rear windshield. The design of these sheets is such that while it blocks the incoming sun light, the visibility is not hampered.Such perforated sheets are already in use in buses where the large glass area provides for ample space to put these materials. The Company wanted to replicate the success of this promotional material in Bangalore too but it proved to be a failure, reasons for which we shall discuss below. Task:The Company had asked us to analyse the reasons of failure and at the same time try to diffuse the promotional material in the market. Action Outcome:In this regard I interacted with car owners or drivers on whether they would be willing to use that sheet for their cars.The locations selected for such interaction were Parking lots in malls, and other commercial areas where there were plenty of cars. Invariably, all the people I spoke to, refused to this idea citing one of the following reasons:y y y y y y They already have a sun film on their car s windows and windshield They are not comfortable in carrying a Company s advertisement. They were asking for some incentive for sporting the promotional material. Car drivers refused to this saying they need to take pri or permission from car owners.It doesn t get as hot and sunny in Bangalore as it is in Delhi, which made the sun screen seem less attractive even in summer. They were sceptical that visibility would be hampered. It was also observed during the above interaction that most of the people I interacted with were not aware of the Del Monte brand but I made use of the opportunity to make them aware of the brand and its product offerings even if they were averse to idea of using perforated promotional material. This exercise instead turned out to be a face-to-face promotion and perforated sheets were just a platform to start-off the interaction.I also observed that such face-to-face promotion was very effective as people were not only made aware of the Brand but could also be educated on the Brand, its history and of course its product offerings but the downside was the very limited reach we had. 24 Sales and distribution: Indias economy is projected to grow at a fast rate over the next few years. With increasing purchasing power and a rising middle class, the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry is posed to grow dramatically. To leverage opportunities, FMCG manufacturers and retailers are developing and implementing deliberate strategies for gaining market access.FMCG giants like Unilever, Marico, PG, Nestle etc are constantly improving and modernizing their sales and distribution network removing their bottle necks. Del Monte has developed a strong distribution channel in a short span of time. I would like to throw some light on sales and distribution network of Del Monte. Bangalore is the head office of South India Del Monte operations. The company has divided the distribution channel into two parts 1. General Trade 2. Modern trade Modern trade constitutes stand alone supermarkets and supermarkets which are a part of retail chain spread across the country.General trade deals with bakery, retail stores and small kirana stores. Sales 100 80 60 40 20 0 General T rade Modern Trade Sales 25 MODERN TRADE (STAND-ALONE) OVERVIEW The Co. has three distributors that serve the standalone departments stores across Bangalore. Most of these outlets are individually owned operate like mom-pop stores but in an organized fashion. Each distributor covers 6 different routes each day from Monday through Saturday. I was working under Ghouri and Co, a distributor who handled around 65 stores in Bangalore South and Central.Unlike General Trade where the outlets are located in a cluster, the outlets are sparsely located. A Sales Man typically serves 7-10 stores in a day, whereby the orders are taken and the delivery is made the following day. Normally, the activities performed are as follows:y y y Take a count of the existing stock and note down in the order book Estimate the potential order. Consult the purchase officer/ store manager/ category manager for final order placement. y y y y Delivery made by the distributor the following day. Payment collected eith er by the distributor themselves or by the Co. Salesman. Credit period usually ranges from 15-30 days. Put up point of sale promotional material. Most of the stores that fall under the Modern Trade- Stand Alone category have decentralized purchasing system even if the no. of outlets of that particular Co. is in several. Since the stores are serviced weekly, the quantity ordered aren t huge and typically the stores doesn t keep off the shelve stock, what all they have is there on the shelves. 26 At present modern Trade (including Retail chains) account for 85% of the sales.This is mainly because the products that Del Monte has under its portfolio in India are premium and suit the lifestyle of modern audiences who buy their groceries from modern retail outlets. The higher purchasing power and brand awareness also helps in the sale of almost all the products. The following products sell well at modern retail outlets:y y y y California prunes Canned fruits Italian range including olive, pastas etc. Juices Again this is an overall movement of goods because movement each product depends primarily on the location of the store and its customer base.DAY Monday Tuesday Wednesday ROUTE Indira Nagar, Domlur Marathahalli, Whitefield OUTLETS COVERED 15 11 Wilson Town, Frazer Town, 14 Hennur Main Road Thursday Friday Saturday Kamanahalli, Banasawadi Ulsoor, Indira Nagar Kasthuri Nagar, K R Puram 14 12 04 27 Issues in Modern Trade Stand Alone Super Markets 1. The single most important issue was the start time of the daily route. Ideally the distributor should open office by 9 AM which enables the sales representative to start his route by 9:30 but mostly there are delays either on distributor s side or the salesman s side.This results in a late start by the sales man. Most stores do not give orders beyond lunch hour, due to which there is an unnecessary rush on the salesman s part to get to the stores and get their orders before lunch. 2. The products in demand in modern trad e are different from that in general trade. In G. T (general trade) mostly ketchup and juices are sold while in Modern trade (M. T) Pastas, Prunes, Fruit cocktail and Sweet corn are also sold in good numbers. Salesmen in modern trade are not able to explain the ingredients or the taste of the products.This lack of precise knowledge creates confusion in minds of retailers and brings about a certain degree of hesitation while giving orders. 3. Salesman does not emphasize the placement of products in the store shelf. Even if they do it is impossible to keep a check on the activitie

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NHS And Community Care Act

NHS And Community Care Act Community care essentially aims to provide individuals in need with social, medical and health support in their own homes, as far as possible, rather than in residential establishments or in long-stay institutions. The enactment of the NHS and Community Care Act in 1990 marked a watershed in the evolution of community care practice in the UK (Means, et al, 2002, p 71). Implemented after years of discussion on the social and financial viability of maintaining people in institutions and homes, the NHS and Community Care Act, initiated by Margaret Thatcher, showcased her desire to radically change the practice and delivery of social and health care in the UK (Means, et al, 2002, p 71). The years following the passing of the Act have witnessed significant developments in the practice and delivery of social work in the country. This short essay attempts to investigate the basic reasons for the enactment of the NHS and the Community Care Act, its basic ideology and thrust, and its impact on the social work sector of the country. The essay also studies the developments in social care that have occurred in the years following the act, with particular focus on direct payments for people with learning disabilities, social care provisions for carers and the contemporary emphasis on personalisation. NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Whilst the initiation of the policy of community care in the UK is by and large attributed to Margaret Thatchers conservative government, the concept of community care, even at that time, was not exactly new (Borzaga Defourny, 2001, p 43). The need for community care existed from the beginning of the 1950s. It aimed to provide a better and more cost effective way to help individuals with mental health concerns and physical disabilities by removing them from impersonal, old, and often harsh institutional environments, and taking care of them in their home environments (Borzaga Defourny, 2001, p 43). Although various governments, since the 1950s, supported the need to introduce community care and tried to bring in appropriate changes, lack of concrete action on the issue resulted in constant increase of the number of people in residential establishments and large institutions during the 1960s, 70s and 80s (Borzaga Defourny, 2001, p 43). With numerous negative stories coming out in the media on the difficult conditions in such establishments, Sir Roy Griffiths was invited by Margaret Thatcher to investigate the issue of community care for the residents of such establishments and make appropriate recommendations (Harris, 2002, p 11). The Griffiths, (1988), Report named Community Care: Agenda for Action, followed by the publication of a White Paper Caring for People: Community Care in the Next Decade and Beyond in 1989 led to the enactment of the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 (Cass, 2007, p 241). Apart from being a strong attempt to improve the lives of people in long term institutions and residential establishments, the law was also an outcome of the conservative governments desire to bring market reforms into the public sector and stimulate the private sector to enter the social services, as well as its conviction that competitive markets would be better able to provide more economic services than a bureaucratised public sector (Harris, 2009, p 3). With social services being among the highest revenue spending departments at the local authority level and domiciliary and residential services for older people consuming the bulk of social service funds, community care for older people presented an obvious area for introduction and implementation of market principles (Harris, 2009, p 3). The act split the role of local and health authorities by altering their internal structures, so that local authority departments were required to ascertain the needs of individuals and thereafter purchase required services from providers (Lewis, et al, 1994, p 28). Health organisations, in order to become providers of such services, became NHS trusts that competed with each other. The act also required local social service and health authorities to jointly agree to community care plans for the local implementation of individual care plans for long term and vulnerable psychiatric patients (Lewis, et al, 1994, p 28). The act has however come in for varying degrees of criticism from service users, observers and experts, with some observers claiming the altered care conditions to be unresponsive, inefficient and offering little choice or equity (Malin, et al, 2002, p 17). Other experts, who were not so pessimistic, stated that whilst the system was based upon an excellent idea, it was little better in practice than the previous systems of bureaucratic resource allocation and received little commitment from social services; the lead community care agency (Malin, et al, 2002, p 17). The commitment of local authorities was diluted by the service legacies of the past and vested professional interest, even as social services and health services workers were unable to work well together (Malin, et al, 2002, p 17). Little collaboration took place between social and health services and the impact of the reforms was undermined by chronic government underfunding. The voluntary sector became the main benefici ary of this thrust for the development of a mixed economy of care (Malin, et al, 2002, p 17). Developments after the Enactment of the NHS and Community Care Act The assumption of government by the labour party in 1997 resulted in the progressive adoption of numerous forward looking policies in various areas of social care. The publication of a white paper in 1998 reinforced the governments commitment to promotion of community based care and peoples independence (Means, et al, 2002, p 79). The paper focused on assisting people to achieve and maintain independence through prevention and rehabilitation strategies, with specific grants being introduced to facilitate their implementation. The Health Act of 1999 removed obstacles to the joint working of health and social services departments through provisions for pooling of budgets and merging of services (Means, et al, 2002, p 79). The formulation of the NHS plan aimed to improve partnership between health and social care, the development of intermediate care and the construction of capacity for care through cash for change grants for development of capacity across social and health care systems (Means, et al, 2002, p 79). Direct Payments for Individuals with Learning Disabilities The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996, which came into operation in April 1997, marked a radical change in the provision of community care for people with disabilities, including those with learning difficulties (Tucker, et al, 2008, p 210). It was illegal, prior to the implementation of the act, for local authorities to support people with disabilities by making cash payments in lieu of providing community care services. Policymakers however realised that many local authorities were successfully supporting independent living schemes, centres for independent living and personal assistance schemes (Tucker, et al, 2008, p 210). Such schemes handled community care payments for disabled people and provided them with help to organise assistance or support. The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act built on this situation, allowing direct payments to be made to replace care services, which otherwise would be given by social service departments (Tucker, et al, 2008, p 210). Direct payments provide flexibility in the way services are provided to eligible people. The giving of money, in lieu of social care services, helps people to achieve greater control and choice over their lives and enables them to decide on the time and mode of delivery of services (Tucker, et al, 2008, p 210). Direct payments can not only be used for services to satisfy the needs of children or their families but also enables carers to purchase the services they need to sustain them in their roles. Research conducted in 1997 in the utilisation of direct payments by people with learning difficulties revealed that whilst utilisation of direct payments by people with learning disabilities was increasing, such utilisation was low among women and individuals from minority or black ethnic groups (Tucker, et al, 2008, p 210). Research also revealed the presence of wide differences in the interpretation of the capacity of persons for consenting to direct payments by local authorities. Whils t some local authorities felt that direct payments could be sanctioned to all persons with learning difficulties who were able, with assistance, to successfully control and use direct payments, other authorities did not heed the fact that such people could indeed be assisted to communicate decisions and consequently assumed their inability to consent to direct payments. Such interpretations, it was felt, could debar many people in need from obtaining the facility for direct payments (Tucker, et al, 2008, p 211). Assistance for Carers Recent years have seen a number of social care initiatives for easing the condition of carers. Carers are people who provide assistance and support, without payment, to family members or friends, who are unable to manage without such assistance, on account of illness, frailty or disability (Government Equalities Office, 2010, p 1). Carers can include adults who care for other adults, parents who care for disabled or ill children, or young people who care for other family members. The governments social care policies for carers include supporting people with caring responsibilities for (a) identifying themselves at early stages, (b) recognising the worth of their contribution, and (c) involving them from the beginning in designing and planning individual care (Government Equalities Office, 2010, p 1). Such policies aim to enable carers to (a) satisfy their educational needs and employment potential, and (b) provide personalised support, both for carers and the people they support, to enjoy family and community life and remain physically and mentally well. Whilst the NHS and community care Act 1990 looked at carers as valued resources because of their ability to provide support, it did not refer to their rights; relying instead on rhetoric to deliver the message of their value to society (Government Equalities Office, 2010, p 2). Succeeding years have however witnessed greater focus on the needs of carers and to progressive introduction of suitable laws and appropriate policies. The passing of the Carers (Recognition and Services) Act 1995 drew attention to the needs of carers. This was followed by the passing of the Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 and the Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004 (Government Equalities Office, 2010, p 2). These acts entitle carers for (a) assess ment of their needs, (b) services in their own right and support in accessing education training, employment and leisure opportunities. The proposed equality bill introduces four new opportunities for carers. It (a) requires public authorities to give due consideration to socio-economic disadvantages, whilst exercising strategic planning functions, (b) takes account of associative discrimination with regard to disabled people, (c) provides for prevention of indirect discrimination, and (d) calls upon public bodies to ensure that their policies are designed to eliminate harassment and discrimination and further equality of opportunity (Government Equalities Office, 2010, p 2). Personalisation The concept of personalisation in social care, whilst discussed for some years, was formally inducted into social care practice in the UK with the publication of Putting People First in 2007. The concordat outlined the concept of a personalised adult social care system, where individuals will have extensive control and choice over the services received by them. The government committed that social services would progressively be tailored to meet the preferences of citizens, with person centred planning along with self directed support becoming mainstream activities, assisted by personal budgets for maximising control and choice (Aldred, 2008, p 31). Whilst personal budgets and direct payments form an important aspect of personalisation, the idea concerns fitting services to the needs of people, focusing on outcomes, and recognising the worth of the opinions of service users assessing their own needs, planning their service, and producing their outcomes (Aldred, 2008, p 31). Conclusions and the Way Forward This essay investigates the reasons behind the enactment of the NHS and the Community Care Act and studies the developments in social care that have occurred in the years following the act, especially in areas of direct payments for people with learning disabilities, social care for carers and personalisation. It is obvious from the results of the study that social care in the UK has experienced significant change and metamorphosis since the enactment of the 1990 act. Whilst significant progress has been made a consensus s growing that the British social care system is facing a crisis because of drivers like increasing demographic pressures, alterations in family and social structures, rising public expectations, increasing desire for greater choice and control, and eligibility for services (Glasby, et al, 2010, p 11). The need to move people out of local accommodation because of rising rents exemplifies the challenges faced by the social care system. With the financial system becoming more challenging, the social care system will have to find ways of improving efficiencies without diluting the quality of care (Glasby, et al, 2010, p 11). The next round of social reforms, whilst attempting to achieve better delivery efficiencies will have to renew its commitment to satisfying social expectations and basic human rights, reducing costs, preventing future needs, helping people to regain independence, freeing individuals to contribute, and supporting carers to care and contribute to society (Glasby, et al, 2010, p 11).

What was Montesquieu?s aim in writing The Spirit of the Laws? Essay

‘I ask a favour that I fear will not be granted; it is that one not judge by a moment’s reading the work of twenty years, that one approve or condemn the book as a whole and not some few sentences. If one wants to seek the design of the author, one can find it only in the design of the work.’ (Montesquieu 1989: preface) The Spirit of the Laws took Montesquieu twenty years to write and was first published in Geneva in 1748. It was distributed freely, without the hindrance of censorship and deemed and instant success, despite negative feedback from friends to whom the manuscript was shown. After two years and twenty-two impressions made across Europe many critics arose of his work, however this merely added to the fame of the author. Despite his critics, Montesquieu knew he had created a worthy and original work of political theory expressed by the phrase of his last preface ‘an offspring made without a mother’. (Montesquieu 1989: preface) This suggests that Montesquieu intended to create a distinctive political theory which was unlike any of his predecessors. Although he quotes famous predecessors such as Plato and Aristotle, he treats them as sources of information rather than philosophical fundamentals. The Spirit of the Laws was Montesquieu’s last work and undeniably over the course of twenty years he implemented what Judith Shklar suggests as ‘his entire intellectual capital as a judge, scientist, novelist, historian, and traveller...’ (Shklar 1987: 67) It is his work ...